MDPI

Vehicles Template

Write in a clean editor, then format for Vehicles in one click — DocuGuru applies the official MDPI template with numbered references and exports a submission-ready PDF plus the editable LaTeX source. Free to start.

About the Vehicles format

Vehicles is a peer-reviewed journal published by MDPI, covering Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety, Vehicle Dynamics and Control Systems, Vehicle emissions and performance. Over its lifetime it has published 729 papers, which have received 5,379 citations.

PublisherMDPI
Reference styleNumbered (MDPI)
Numbered — [1], [2] in the text
1. Smith, A.; Jones, B.; Lee, C. A Representative Article Title. Vehicles 2023, 12, 45–58.

Formats any DOI in Vehicles style. No sign-up.

Publishes research inAutonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety Vehicle Dynamics and Control Systems Vehicle emissions and performance Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies Traffic control and management
ISSN2624-8921
Citation impact (2-yr)3.22
h-index32
i10-index144
Article processing charge$1,515
Open accessYes — indexed in DOAJ
Top institutions publishing hereKarlsruhe Institute of Technology
Journal websitewww.mdpi.com
You getA submission-ready PDF and the editable LaTeX source — ready to submit.

Papers published in Vehicles per year

9
2019
38
2020
51
2021
92
2022
103
2023
107
2024
166
2025

Citation impact of Vehicles by publication year

114
2019
655
2020
1.2K
2021
1K
2022
961
2023
903
2024
377
2025

Citations each year’s papers have accumulated so far — the most recent years are still building up.

Most-cited papers in Vehicles

A Survey of Path Planning Algorithms for Mobile Robots

Karthik Karur, Nitin Sharma, Chinmay Dharmatti et al. · 4 Aug 2021

Path planning algorithms are used by mobile robots, unmanned aerial vehicles, and autonomous cars in order to identify safe, efficient, collision-free, and least-cost travel paths from an origin to a destination. Choosing an appropriate path planning algorithm helps to ensure safe and effective point-to-point navigation, and the optimal algorithm depends on the robot geometry as…

Design of a Hybrid Electric Vehicle Powertrain for Performance Optimization Considering Various Powertrain Components and Configurations

Manh‐Kien Tran, Mobaderin Akinsanya, Satyam Panchal et al. · 31 Dec 2020

Emissions from the transportation sector due to the consumption of fossil fuels by conventional vehicles have been a major cause of climate change. Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) are a cleaner solution to reduce the emissions caused by transportation, and well-designed HEVs can also outperform conventional vehicles. This study examines various powertrain configurations and components to…

Off-Road Electric Vehicles and Autonomous Robots in Agricultural Sector: Trends, Challenges, and Opportunities

Amin Ghobadpour, German Monsalve, Alben Cardenas et al. · 15 Aug 2022

This paper describes the development trends and prospects of green-energy-based off-road electric vehicles and robots in the agricultural sector. Today, the agriculture sector faces several challenges, such as population growth, increasing energy demands, labor shortages, and global warming. Increases in energy demand cause many challenges worldwide; therefore, many methods are suggested to achieve energy independence…

A Review of Equivalent Circuit Model Based Online State of Power Estimation for Lithium-Ion Batteries in Electric Vehicles

Ruohan Guo, Weixiang Shen · 21 Dec 2021

With rapid transportation electrification worldwide, lithium-ion batteries have gained much attention for energy storage in electric vehicles (EVs). State of power (SOP) is one of the key states of lithium-ion batteries for EVs to optimise power flow, thereby requiring accurate online estimation. Equivalent circuit model (ECM)-based methods are considered as the mainstream technique for online…

Artificial Intelligence Approaches for Advanced Battery Management System in Electric Vehicle Applications: A Statistical Analysis towards Future Research Opportunities

Molla Shahadat Hossain Lipu, Md. Sazal Miah, Taskin Jamal et al. · 25 Dec 2023

In order to reduce carbon emissions and address global environmental concerns, the automobile industry has focused a great deal of attention on electric vehicles, or EVs. However, the performance and health of batteries can deteriorate over time, which can have a negative impact on the effectiveness of EVs. In order to improve the safety and…

Vehicles template — frequently asked questions

How do I write a paper in the Vehicles format?
In DocuGuru you write your manuscript in a normal editor — no LaTeX setup required — and select the Vehicles template. When you export, DocuGuru compiles the paper into the official MDPI format and hands you a submission-ready PDF along with the editable LaTeX source.
What reference style does Vehicles use?
Vehicles uses Numbered (MDPI) references, shown as numbered [1], [2] markers in the text. DocuGuru formats every in-text citation and the reference list in this exact style automatically. A reference appears like this: 1. Smith, A.; Jones, B.; Lee, C. A Representative Article Title. Vehicles 2023, 12, 45–58.
Do I need to know LaTeX to submit to Vehicles?
No. DocuGuru generates the mdpi LaTeX class and compiles the PDF for you in the background, so you get a MDPI-ready Vehicles document without writing any LaTeX. If you do want it, the LaTeX source is included in the export.
Can I import an existing draft into the Vehicles template?
Yes. Paste or upload your current manuscript — Word, LaTeX, Markdown, or plain text — and DocuGuru reflows it into the Vehicles format with correct headings, figures, tables, and numbered citations.
What is Vehicles?
Vehicles - MDPI Journal. It is a multidisciplinary journal, published by MDPI.
Can I export a submission-ready Vehicles PDF?
Yes — DocuGuru produces a PDF built with the official Vehicles template (the mdpi class) that is ready to submit to MDPI, together with the matching LaTeX source files.
How much does the Vehicles template cost?
You can start writing in the Vehicles template for free. Exporting the final submission-ready Vehicles PDF and LaTeX source is part of DocuGuru's paid plans — see the app for current pricing.
Use the Vehicles template