Neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative disorders: the roles of microglia and astrocytes
Hyuk Sung Kwon, Seong‐Ho Koh · 26 Nov 2020
Neuroinflammation is associated with neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Microglia and astrocytes are key regulators of inflammatory responses in the central nervous system. The activation of microglia and astrocytes is heterogeneous and traditionally categorized as neurotoxic (M1-phenotype microglia and A1-phenotype astrocytes) or neuroprotective (M2-phenotype microglia and A2-phenotype astrocytes).…
Neuroinflammation in Parkinson’s disease and its potential as therapeutic target
Qinqin Wang, Yingjun Liu, Jiawei Zhou · 12 Oct 2015
Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most common age-associated neurodegenerative disorder, is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons and the presence of α-synuclein-containing aggregates in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Chronic neuroinflammation is one of the hallmarks of PD pathophysiology. Post-mortem analyses of human PD patients and experimental animal studies indicate that activation…
Protein misfolding in neurodegenerative diseases: implications and strategies
Patrick Sweeney, Hyunsun Park, Marc Baumann et al. · 13 Mar 2017
A hallmark of neurodegenerative proteinopathies is the formation of misfolded protein aggregates that cause cellular toxicity and contribute to cellular proteostatic collapse. Therapeutic options are currently being explored that target different steps in the production and processing of proteins implicated in neurodegenerative disease, including synthesis, chaperone-assisted folding and trafficking, and degradation via the proteasome and…
The endosomal-lysosomal system: from acidification and cargo sorting to neurodegeneration
Yong-Bo Hu, Eric B. Dammer, Ru‐Jing Ren et al. · 30 Sep 2015
The endosomal-lysosomal system is made up of a set of intracellular membranous compartments that dynamically interconvert, which is comprised of early endosomes, recycling endosomes, late endosomes, and the lysosome. In addition, autophagosomes execute autophagy, which delivers intracellular contents to the lysosome. Maturation of endosomes and/or autophagosomes into a lysosome creates an unique acidic environment within…
Alzheimer’s disease hypothesis and related therapies
Xiaoguang Du, Xinyi Wang, Meiyu Geng · 24 Jan 2018
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder and the most common cause for dementia. There are many hypotheses about AD, including abnormal deposit of amyloid β (Aβ) protein in the extracellular spaces of neurons, formation of twisted fibers of tau proteins inside neurons, cholinergic neuron damage, inflammation, oxidative stress, etc., and many anti-AD drugs…
